Series Attribute - Class 12 IP Notes

 #Series Attributes

'''

Function   ()    => len(L)

method      ()    => S.head(), S.tail(), pd.Series()

attribute   without bracket  =>  S.index, S.shape, S.size, S.dtype

'''

import pandas as pd

L=[10,20,30,40,None]

I=['a','b','c','d','e']

S=pd.Series(L,I)

print(S)

print(S.index)  #print all index of series in list 

print(S.shape)  #shape return the number of elements in series including NaN

                #in tuple (5,)

print(S.size)   #size return the number of elements in series including NaN

                #in integer  = 5

print(S.dtype)  #return the data type of series i.e float64

L1=[10,20,30]

S1=pd.Series(L1)

print(S1.dtype) #return the data type of series i.e int64

print(S1.empty) #return True if series is empty otherwise False i.e False

S2=pd.Series()

print(S2.empty) #return True if series is empty otherwise False i.e True

print(S.hasnans) #It returns True if there are any NaN values,

                    #otherwise returns false.

print(S1.hasnans)#It returns True if there are any NaN values,

                    #otherwise returns false.

CLASS 12 - IP - 19 SEPT 2022 UNIT TEST RESULT

 

TOPIC: Data Visualization and Societal Impacts

ROLL NO	Marks out of 20
1	10
2	15.5
3	13
4	15
5	A
6	A
7	08.5
8	11
10	10.5
13	11.5
15	17.5
19	14
20	14
21	10
22	13
23	13.5
24	16
27	12.5
32	11.5
36	14
37	13
38	12
41	14.5
42	14.5
46	11.5
47	09
51	14.5
54	13
55	15.5
56	13
60	12
61	A
68	8.5
70	A
71	A
72	13
73	12.5

History of Computers - Generations of Computers - Class 11 CS/IP Notes

 

History of Computers

Abacus

The history of computer begins with the birth of abacus which is believed to be the first computer. It is said that Chinese invented Abacus around 4,000 years ago.

Napier's Bones

It was a manually-operated calculating device which was invented by John Napier (1550-1617). It was also the first machine to use the decimal point.

Pascaline

Pascaline is also known as Arithmetic Machine or Adding Machine. It was invented between 1642 and 1644 by a French mathematician-philosopher Biaise Pascal. It is believed that it was the first mechanical and automatic calculator.

Difference Engine

In the early 1820s, it was designed by Charles Babbage who is known as "Father of Modern Computer". It was a mechanical computer which could perform simple calculations. 

Analytical Engine

This calculating machine was also developed by Charles Babbage in 1830. It was a mechanical computer that used punch-cards as input.

Generations of Computers

 First Generation Computers

·         The first generation (1946-1959) computers were slow, huge and expensive.

·         In these computers, vacuum tubes were used as the basic components of CPU and memory.

·         These computers were mainly depended on batch operating system and punch cards.

Some of the popular first-generation computers are;

·         ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

·         EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

·         UNIVACI (Universal Automatic Computer)

·         IBM-701

·         IBM-650

 

 Second Generation Computers

·         The second generation (1959-1965) was the era of the transistor computers.

·         These computers used transistors which were cheap, compact and consuming less power.

·         Assembly language and programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN, and Batch processing and multiprogramming operating systems were used in these computers.

Some of the popular second-generation computers are;

·         IBM 1620

·         IBM 7094

·         CDC 1604

·         CDC 3600

·         UNIVAC 1108

 

Third Generation Computers

·         The third-generation computers used integrated circuits (ICs) instead of transistors. 

·         These generation computers used remote processing, time-sharing, multi programming as operating system. Also, the high-level programming languages like FORTRON-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, ALGOL-68 were used in this generation.

Some of the popular third generation computers are;

·         IBM-360 series

·         Honeywell-6000 series

·         PDP (Personal Data Processor)

·         IBM-370/168

·         TDC-316

Fourth Generation Computers

·         The fourth generation (1971-1980) computers used very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits; 

·         VLSI is a chip containing millions of transistors and other circuit elements.

·         These generation computers used real time, time sharing and distributed operating system. The programming languages like C, C++, DBASE was also used in this generation.

Some of the popular fourth generation computers are;

·         DEC 10

·         STAR 1000

·         PDP 11

·         CRAY-1(Super Computer)

·         CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)

Fifth Generation Computers

·         In fifth generation (1980-till date) computers, the VLSI technology was replaced with ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration).

·         It made possible the production of microprocessor chips with ten million electronic components. 

·         he programming languages used in this generation were C, C++, Java, .Net, etc.

Some of the popular fifth generation computers are;

·         Desktop

·         Laptop

·         NoteBook

·         UltraBook

·         ChromeBook

 

Types of Computers - Class 11 CS/IP Notes

 

Types of Computers

1.       On the bases of operation or data handling capabilities

2.       On the bases of size

On the basis of data handling capabilities

1.    Analog Computer

2.    Digital Computer

3.    Hybrid Computer

On the basis of size

1.    Super Computer

2.    Mainframe Computer

3.    Mini Computer

4.    Workstation

5.    Micro Computer

Firmware Software

 

Firmware Software

These are the operational software installed on the computer motherboards that help the operating system to identify the Flash, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and memory chips.

However, the primary function of any firmware software is to manage and control all activities of individual devices. Initially, it uses non-volatile chips for installation purposes, but later it gets installed on the flash chips.

There are two main types of chips:

• BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) chip.
• UEFI (Unified Extended Firmware Interface) chips.

The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) also works as a system program used for the booting process of the system. First, it loads the OS into the main memory (RAM) of your system and then hands it over to the OS. BIOS works as the substitute for the ROM chip; hence, it is called firmware software. However, the firmware ROM is part of every motherboard component. The motherboard firmware activates all the hardware components during the start of the computer system and ensures whether they are operational or not. If they work properly, it starts the booting process to load the OS, and if any error occurs in the RAM, then it denies the computer to boost.

A Firmware exists inside the devices while a device driver is installed in the operating system.

Device Driver

 

Device Drivers

Device Drivers are the types of system software that reduce the troubleshooting issues in your system. The operating system communicates with hardware components internally. This communication can easily be managed and controlled with the help of device drivers.

The operating system contains a number of device drivers to drive the hardware components. Most of the device drivers, such as a mouse, keyboards, etc., are already installed in the computer system by the computer manufacturing companies. However, in case of any new device for the operating system, users can install them through the internet also. Here are some devices that require drivers to perform the smooth functions of any computer system:

• Keyboards
• Mouse
• Printers
• Function keys
• Network card
• Display card
• Touchpad
• Sound, etc

 

Utility Software

 

What is utility software? 
These software analyzes and maintain a computer. These software are focused on how OS works on that basis it perform task to enable smooth functioning of computer. These software may come along with OS like windows defender, windows disk cleanup tool. 
Antivirus, backup software, file manager, disk compression tool all are utility software. 

Some of the popular utility software are described below 
Antivirus:It is used to protect a computer from the virus. It detects a virus and notify the user and take action to secure the computer. The virus are kept in different location called vault where it has different file system due to which virus effect it. User can itself instruct antivirus to delete malicious program, put it in vault or even ignore it. These days most come in GUI form. 
The first antivirus program appeared in 1987 with the introduction of an antivirus program from G Data Software for the Atari ST. Later in the same year, VirusScan was introduced by John McAfee, which later became the McAfee antivirus program. 
Examples: Windows Defender, AVG, AVAST, MCAFEE, etc. 

File Management Tool: 
The software is used to manage files stored in a file system. It can be used to create, group file. Like Windows File Explorer is a file management tool. 
File system (like FAT32, NTFS) should not be confused with File management tool former is a data structure used to store file in an OS while later is used to perform task on file stored in the file System. 

Some examples of File management Tool are: 
File Manager in Windows. 
macOS Finder. 
Directory Opus. 
Dolphin in KDE. 

Compression Tool: 
These tool are used to reduce the size of a file based on the selected algorithm. 
Most operating systems include tools for compressing and uncompressing files.Linux has tools for both .tar.gz and .zip. Other compressed files, like .7z and .rar, require a third-party compression utility to be installed. 

Some Examples are: 
WinAce 
WinZip 
WinRAR 
7-Zip 
PKZIP 

DISK MANAGEMENT TOOL: 
Disk Management is utility first introduced in Window XP as a replacement of the fdisk command.It enables us to view or manage the disk drives installed in their computer and the partition associated with those drives. 
Disk Management is used to manage the drives installed in a computer- like hard disk drives, and flash drives. It can be used to partition drives, assign drive letters, and much more. 
Some Disk Management tools are:- 
• Mini Tool Partition Wizard 
• Paragon Partition Manager 
• EaseUS Partition Master 
• SMART Monitoring Tools 
• AOMEI Partition Assistant 

DISK CLEANUP TOOL : 
It is computer utility maintenance which is included in Microsoft Windows. It allows user to remove files that are no longer needed or that can be safely deleted. Removing unnecessary files, including temporary files, can help to improve the functioning and increase the free space of the computer. Running Disk Cleanup at least once a month is an excellent maintenance task. 
Disk Cleanup tool can delete temporary internet files, old check disk files, compress old files and offline webpages. Disk Cleanup also allows you to empty the Recycle Bin, delete temporary files, and delete Thumbnails. 
Some Disk Cleanup software are:- 
• Iolo System mechanic 
• IObit Advanced systemCare 
• Piriform CCleaner 
• Razer Cortex 

DISK DEFRAGMENTER: 
It is a utility in Microsoft Windows designed to increase access speed by rearranging file stored on a disk to occupy contiguous storage locations, a technique is called 
Defragmentation. 
Defragmenting a disk minimizes head travel, which reduces the time it takes to read files from and write files to the disk. 
The defragmenter will search your hard drive partition and move data from one location to other location, so that the files stored there are one contiguous piece, instead of being throughout multiple locations on the hard drive’s partition. 
Some Disk Defragmenter are:- 
• Auslogics Disk Defrag 
• MyDefrag 
• Perfect disk 
• Defraggler

 

Types of Software - Class 11 CS/IP Notes

 

What is System Software?

System Software is a set of programs that control and manage the operations of computer hardware. It also helps application programs to execute correctly.

Types of System Software

Operating systems:- 

Operating system software helps you for the effective utilization of all hardware and software components of a computer system.

Programming language translators:- 

Transforms the instructions prepared by developers in a programming language into a form that can be interpreted or compiled and executed by a computer system.

Communication Software: – 

Communication software allows us to transfer data and programs from one computer system to another.

Utility programs: –

Utility programs are a set of programs that help users in system maintenance tasks, and in performing tasks of routine nature.

Features of System Software

·         System Software is closer to the system

·         Generally written in a low-level language

·         The system software is difficult to design and understand

·         Fast in speed

·         Less interactive

·         Smaller in size

·         Hard to manipulate

 

Application Software

Application Software is a program that does real work for the user. It is mostly created to perform a specific task for a user.

Application Software acts as a mediator between the end-user and System Software. It is also known as an application package. This type of software is written using a high-level language like C, Java, VB. Net, etc. It is a user-specific and is designed to meet the requirements of the user.

Types of Application Software

Word-processing software:- 

It makes use of a computer for creating, modifying, viewing, storing, retrieving, and printing documents.

Spreadsheet software:-

Spreadsheet software is a numeric data-analysis tool that allows you to create a computerized ledger.

Database software:- 

A database software is a collection of related data that is stored and retrieved according to user demand.

Graphics software:- 

It allows computer systems for creating, editing, drawings, graphs, etc.

Education software:- 

Education software allows a computer to be used as a learning and teaching tool.

Entertainment software:- 

This type of app allows a computer to be used as an entertainment tool.

Features of Application Software

·         Perform more specialized tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, email, photo editing, etc.

·         It needs more storage space as it is bigger in size

·         Easy to design and more interactive for the user

·         Generally written in a high-level language

 

System Software vs. Application software

System Software	Application Software
They are designed to manage the resources of the system, like memory and process management, security, etc.	They are designed to fulfill the requirements of the user for performing specific tasks.
It is written in a low-level language like a machine or assembly language.	A high-level language is used to write Application Software.
The System Software starts running when the system is powered on and runs until the system is powered off.	The Application Software starts when the user begins, and it ends when the user stops it.
The System Software is a general-purpose software	Application Software is specific purpose software.
It is classified as a package program or customized program.	It is classified as time-sharing, resource sharing, client-server.
Installed on the computer system at the time when the operating system is installed.	Installed as per user’s requirements.
Capable of running independently.	Can’t run independently.
Users never interact with system software as it functions in the background.	Users interact with application software while using specific applications.
System software are independent of the application software	Application software needs system software to run.
System software is crucial for the effective functioning of a system.	Application software is not extremely important for the functioning of the system.

 

Difference Between Bandwidth and Data Transfer Rate

Class 12 CS - 17 Aug 2022 Test 2 Result

     

ROLL NO.	Marks out of 20
1.	14
2.	16
3.	17.5
4.	15.5
5.	16
6.	15
7.	13.5
8.	10
9.	11
10.	18.5
11.	15.5
12.	A
13.	18.5
14.	16.5
15.	A
16.	15
17.	18
18.	17
19.	17
20.	17.5
21.	16
22.	18
23.	15
24.	17.5
25.	18.5
26.	18
27.	16
28.	16
29.	17
30.	17.5
31.	20
32.	A
33.	13
34.	19
35.	15
36.	18.5
37.	16
38.	16.5
39.	7
40.	18
41.	15
42.	18
43.	17.5
44.	12
45.	A
46.	A
47.	19
48.	17
49.	12.5
50.	16
51.	14.5
52.	13.5
53.	17.5
54.	11
55.	17.5
56.	18.5
57.	16
58.	A
59.	17.5