1. An inode is an index node.
2. An Inode number is a uniquely existing number for all the files in Linux and unix like systems.
3. When a file is created on a system, a file name and Inode number is assigned to it.
4. Inode doesn't contain the file name. Reason for this is to maintain hard-links for the files.
An Inode is a data structure containing metadata about the files.
Following contents are stored in the Inode from a file:
1. The World Wide Web—commonly referred to as WWW, W3, or the Web.
2. Web—is an interconnected system of public webpages accessible through the Internet.
3. The Web is not the same as the Internet.
4. Tim Berners-Lee known as the father of World Wide Web or Web.
5. Tim Berners-Lee proposed the architecture of Web.
6. The Web uses HTTP protocol to transmit data and share information.
1. Web 2.0 are websites and applications that make use of user-generated content for end-users.
2. Web 1.0 is the "read-only Web" , Web 2.0 is the "participative social Web," and Web 3.0 is the "read, write, execute Web."
3. Web 2.0 is greater collaboration among Internet users, content providers and enterprises.
4. Types of social media sites (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn etc.) and applications include forums, microblogging, social networking, Social bookmarking, social curation, and wikis are examples of Web 2.0
5. The foundational components of Web 2.0 are CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript And XML)
6. Web 2.0 also used Cloud Services like IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), PaaS (Platform as a Service) and SaaS (Software as a Service).
7. Web 2.0 use relational database.
8. Web 2.0 use cookies.
1. Web 3.0 also known as "read, write, execute" web.
2. Web 3.0 is decentralized web.
3. Web 3.0 use Cryptocurrency.
4. Web 3.0 use AI.
5. Web 3.0 use Blockchain Technology.
6. Web 3.0 use NFTs - Users can get unique tokens that are assigned value or provide some form of perk/cookies.
1. E-Mail stands for Electronic Mail.
2. Ray Tomlinson known as father of email.
3. Ray Tomlinson invented email in 1971 as part of a program of ARPANET.
4. Shiva Ayyadurai also claimed as inventor of email in 1978.
5. Email is a method to sends messages from one computer to another computer through the internet.
6. Email is a computer-based application for the exchange of messages between users.
7. Format of email is "username@domainname". For example : sharmag@gmail.com
8. Every email address/id has 3 parts:
(a) username
(b) @ [at] Symbol
(c) domainname
9. Most Popular Email Providers are:
(a) GMail
(b) Outlook
(c) Hotmail
(d) Yahoo Mail
(e) ProtonMail
(f) Zoho Mail
(g) Titan
10. Popular Email Clients
(a) Apple iPhone
(b) Gmail
(c) Apple iPad
(d) Outlook
(e) Apple Mail
(f) Yahoo! Mail
(g) Samsung Mail
(h) Google Android
(i) Windows Live Mail
1. IPv4 stands for Internet Protocol version 4
2. IPv4 is a 32 bits IP address.
3. IPv4 has 4 parts
4. Each part of IPv4 has 8 bits
5. IPv4 normally represent in binary or decimal number system.
6. Dot (.) is used as a separator in IPv4
Examples of IPv4
203.56.78.4
192.168.0.1
127.0.0.1
1. IPv6 stands for Internet Protocol Version 6
2. IPv6 is a 128 bits IP address
3. IPv6 has 8 parts
4. Each part of IPv6 has 16 bits
5. Colon (:) is used as seperator in IPv6
6. Binary and Hexadecimal number system is used to represent IPv6
Examples of IPv6
12A2:1500:0001:1524:A2F1:1551:0101:0015
::1
12::1
1. TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol.
2. Main function of TCP is to deliver the data to the respective destination.
3. TCP is a transport layer protocol.
4. TCP is a connection - oriented protocol
5. TCP arrange the packets in proper order before they reach the application.
1. IP stands for Internel Protocol.
2. IP is a network layer protocol
3. The main task of IP is to deliver the packets from source to the destination based on the IP addresses.
4. IP protocol provides the connectionless service.
5. The first version of IP (Internet Protocol) was IPv4.
6. The Second version of IP (Internet Protocol) was IPv6.
FTP:
1. FTP is a networking protocol.
2. FTP stands for File Transfer protocol.
3. FTP operates at Application Layer.
4. FTP is used to transfer files between client and server or one host to another.
5. FTP is founded by Abhay Bhushan in 1971
6. FTP is TCP/IP protocol.
7. Port number of FTP is 21
8. FTP use two channels
9. Examples of FTP are FileZilla, WinSCP etc.
1. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure.
2. HTTPS is an extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
3. It is used for secure communication over a computer network.
4. HTTPS also referred to as HTTP over TLS, or HTTP over SSL.
5. In HTTPS, the communication is encrypted using Transport Layer Security (TLS) or Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).
6. HTTPS is a secure version of the HTTP protocol that uses the SSL/TLS protocol to encrypt data.
7. Port number of HTTPS is 443
8. HTTPS uses an encryption protocol to encrypt communications.
9. HTTPS transfers data in cipher text (encrypt text).
10. HTTPS requires SSL certificate.
11. HTTPS is slower than HTTP
12. HTTPS helps to improve search ranking.
13. HTTPs URLs begin with https://
1. Which statement will read 5 characters from a file?
a. f.read()
b. f.read(5)
c. f.reads(5)
d. f.readline(5)
2. EOF stands for --
a. End of File
b. End Off File
c. End on Line
d. End or Line
3. File in python is treated as sequence of __________
a. bits
b. Bytes
c. Words
d. Nibble
4. Which function is used to write data in binary file?
a. write()
b. writelines()
c. pickle()
d. dump()
5. What is the full form of CSV?
a. Character Separated Values
b. Comma Separated Values
c. Common Separated Values
d. Common Separated Variables
6. Write the full form of the following: (3)
a. VoIP
b. MAN
c. ARPANET
d. NSFNET
e. NFC
f. VoLTE
7. Write the minimum four difference between switch and router. (2)
8. Write the minimum four difference between Bus and Ring Topologies (2)
9. Write the minimum four difference between LAN and WAN (2)
10. Write the short notes on the following - (4)
a. Internet
b. Extranet
c. Intranet
d. Interspace
11. If we want to connect 8 devices using mesh topology how many wired are required? (1)
12. Set of Piconet is called ----
a. Scatternet
b. Internet
c. ARPANET
d. NSFNET
1. Modem stands for modulation - demodulation.
2. Modem is a input as well as output device.
3. Modem is used to convert digital signal into analog signal and also used to convert analog signal into digital signal.
4. Modulation is the process to convert digital signal into analog signal.
5. Demodulation is the process to convert analog signal into digital signal.
Types of Modulation:
1. AM
2. PM
3. FM
1. Repeater is a networking device.
2. Repeater operator at physical layer.
3. Data used in the bit format in the repeater.
4. Repeater is used to regenerator the signals to its original strength.
5. Repeater is a two port device.
6. Repeater is also known as signal boosters.
1. Router is a networking device.
2. Router is a Network Layer device.
3. Router works for WAN (Wide Area Network)
4. Router works for communication between different network.
5. Router is an inter network device.
6. Router use IP address
7. Data use as a packet in Router.
8. Router perform routing operation
9. Router use routing table.
10. Router usally support 2/4/8 etc ports
11. Router is slower than switch.
12. Router support 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps speed
1. Switch is a networking device.
2. Switch is a data link layer device.
3. Switch works in LAN (Local Area Network)
4. Switch works in same network.
5. Switch is an intra-network device
6. Switch use MAC (Media Access Control) address
7. Switch is an intelligent device
8. Data use as a frame format in switch.
9. Switch use CAM (Content Accessable Memory) table
10. Switch usally used in 8/16/24/48 ports
11. Switch is a multiport device.
12. Switch is a full duplex device
13. No collision occurs in switch.
14. In switch every port has its collision table.
15. Switch support advanced features like VLAN, STP, RSTP etc.
16. Switch is faster than router.
17. Switch support 10 Mbps to 1 Gbps speed.
1. Bridge is a network device.
2. Bridge is a Data Link Layer Device.
3. Bridge is a two port device
4. Bridge used to interconnect two LAN's working on same protocol.
5. Bridge is an Intra-Networking device
6. Bridge can read and store MAC address.
7. Bridge is like a repeater with additional functionality that it can read MAC address
Types of Bridge:
1. Transparent Bridge:
Stations /PC's are unaware from the existence of bridge.
2. Source Routing Bridge:
Source station perform rounting operation and data send to specific route. Both stations ( sender and receiver) are aware of existence of the bridge.
1. Hub is a network device
2. Hub is a Physical Layer device.
3. Hub is a multiport device.
4. Signal travel in the form of bits in Hub.
5. Hub support electric signal
6. Hub is a half duplex device
7. Hub is an unintelligent device
8. Hub does not learn or store MAC address
9. Collision occurs commonly in Hub
10. Hub support only single collision dimension
11. Hub does not support Advanced features like VLAN, STP, RSTP etc.
Types of Hub:
1. Active Hub
Which hub have own power supply is called active hub.
2. Passive Hub
Which hub used Active hub power supply is called passive hub.
